REFERENCES

return to paper

Akimoto, K., Tanaka, T., Hattori, M., and Hotta, H., 1994, Recent benthic foraminiferal assemblages from the cold seep communities - a contribution to the methane gas indicator: in: Tsuchi, R., ed., Pacific Neogene events in Time and Space, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, p. 11-25.

Alegret, L., and Thomas, E., 2001, Upper Cretaceous and lower Paleogene benthic Foraminifera from northeastern Mexico: Micropaleontology, v. 47, p. 269-316.

Alve. E., 1995. Benthic foraminiferal distribution and recolonization of formerly anoxic environments in Drammensfjord, southern Norway: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 25, p. 2-3.

Aubry, M.-P., 1998, Early Paleogene Calcareous Nannoplankton Evolution: A Tale of  Climatic Amelioration: i Aubry, M.P, S. Lucas, S. G. and Berggren, W. A. eds., Late Paleocene-early Eocene Biotic and Climatic Events in the Marine and Terrestrial Records, Columbia University Press, New York, NY, USA, p. 158-201.

Bains, S., Corfield, R. M., and Norris, R. D., 1999, Mechanisms of Climate Warming at the End of the Paleocene: Science, v. 285, p. 724-727.

Bains, S., Norris, R. D., Corfield, R. M., and Faul, K., 2000, Termination of global warmth at the Palaeocene/Eocene boundary through productivity feedback: Nature, v. 407, p. 171-174.

Beerling, D., 2000, Increased terrestrial carbon storage across the Palaeocene Eocene boundary: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 161, p. 395-405.

Bernhard, J.M. , 1996, Microaerophilic and facultative anaerobic benthic foraminifera: a review of experimental and ultrastructural evidence: Revue de Paléobiologie , v. 15, p. 261-275.

Bernhard, J. M., Buck, K. R., Farmer, M. A., and Bowser, S. S., 2000, The Santa Barbara Basin is a symbiosis oasis: Nature, v. 406, p. 77-80.

Bernhard, J. M., Buck, K. R., and Barry, J. P., 2001, Monterey Bay cold-seep biota: assemblages, abundance and ultrastructure of living foraminifera: Deep-Sea Research I, v. 48, p. 2233-2249.

Bernhard, J.M. and Sen Gupta, B. K., 1999 , Foraminifera of Oxygen-Depleted Environments, in: Sen Gupta, B.K. (Ed.) Modern Foraminifera, Kluwer (Netherlands), p. 201-216.

Bice, K., and Marotzke, J., 2002, Could changing ocean circulation have destabilized methane hydrate at the Paleocene/Eocene boundary?: Paleoceanography, 10.1029/2001PA000678

Boersma, A., Premoli-Silva, I., and Hallock, P., 1998. Trophic models for the well-mixed and poorly mixed warm oceans across the Paleocene/Eocene Epoch boundary: in Aubry, M.P, S. Lucas, S. G. and Berggren, W. A., eds., Late Paleocene-early Eocene Biotic and Climatic Events in the Marine and Terrestrial Records, Columbia University Press, New York, NY, USA, p. 204-213.

Boetius, A., Ravenschlag, K., Schubert, C. J., Rickert, D., Widdel, F., Gieseke, A., Amann, R., Joergensen, B. B., Witte, U., and Pfannkuche, O., 2000, A marine microbial consortium apparently mediating anaerobic oxidation of methane: Nature, v. 407, p. 623-626.

Bowen, G. J., Koch, P. L., Gingerich, P. D., Norris, R. D., Bains, S,. and Corfield, R. M., 2001, Refined isotope stratigraphy across the continental Paleocene-Eocene boundary on Polecat bench in the northern Bighorn Basin: University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology, v. 33, p.73-88

Bralower, T. J., 2002 Evidence of surface water oligotrophy during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: Nannofossil assemblage data from Ocean Drilling Program Site 690, Maud Rise, Weddell Sea: Paleoceanography, 1029/2001PA000662

Coccioni, R., Di Leo, R., Galeotti, S., and Monecchi, S., 1994, Integrated biostratigraphy and benthic foraminiferal faunal turnover across the Paleocene-Eocene boundary at Trabakua Pass section, Northern Spain: Palaeopelagos, v. 4, p. 87-100.

Cramer, B. S., 2001. Late Paleocene -earliest Eocene cyclostratigraphy: using core photographs for reconnaissance geophysical logging. Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 186, p. 231-244.

Corfield, R. M, and Norris, R. D., 1998, The oxygen and carbon isotopic context of the Paleocene/Eocene Epoch Boundary: in Aubry, M.P, S. Lucas, S. G. and Berggren, W. A., eds., Late Paleocene-early Eocene Biotic and Climatic Events in the Marine and Terrestrial Records, Columbia University Press, New York, NY, USA, p. 124-137.

Cramer, B. S., 2001, Latest Paleocene-earliest Eocene cyclostratigraphy: using core photographs for reconnaissance geophysical logging: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 186, p. 231-244.

Cushman, J. A., and Renz, R. H., 1942, Eocene Midway foraminifera from Soldado Rock, Trinidad: Cushman Laboratory for Foraminiferal Research, Contributions, vol. 18, p. 7-15

Crouch, E. M., 2001, Environmental change at the time of the Paleocene-Eocene biotic turnover: Laboratory of Paleobotany and Palynology Contributions Series, v. 14, (Utrecht, Netherlands), 216 p.

Crouch, E., Heilmann-Clausen, C., Brinkhuis, H., Morgans, H. E., Rogers, K. M., Egger, H., and Schmitz, B., 2001, Global dinoflagellate event associated with the Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum: Geology, v. 29, p. 315-318.

Culver, S. J. and Buzas, M. A., 2000, Global latitudinal species diversity gradient in deep-sea benthic foraminifera: Deep-Sea Research I, v. 47, p. 259-275.

De Angelis, M. A., Lilley, M. D., Olson, E. J., and Baross, J. A., 1003. Methane oxidation in deep-sea hydrothermal plumes of the Endeavour Segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Deep-Sea Research I, v. 40, p. 1169-1186.

Den Dulk, M., Reichart, G. J., van Heyst, S., Zachariasse, W. J., and van der Zwaan, G. J., 2000, Benthic foraminifera as proxies of organic matter flux and bottom water oxygenation? A case history from the northern Arabian Sea: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 161, p. 337-359.

Dickens, G. R., O'Neil, J. R., Rea, D. K., and Owen, R. M., 1995, Dissociation of oceanic methane hydrate as a cause of the carbon isotope excursion at the end of the Paleocene: Paleoceanography, v. 10, p. 965-971.

Dickens, G. R., 2000, Methane oxidation during the Late Palaeocene Thermal Maximum: Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France, v. 171, p. 37-49.

Dickens, G. R., 2001a, Modeling the global carbon cycle with a gas hydrate capacitator: significance for the latest Paleocene Thermal maximum: Geophysical Monographs, v. 124, p. 19-38.

Dickens, G.R., 2001b, Sulfate profiles and barium fronts in sediment on the Blake Ridge: Present and past methane fluxes through a large gas hydrate reservoir: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 65, p. 9-23.

Dolenec, T., Pavsic, J., and Lojen, S., 2000, Ir anomalies and other elemental markers near the Palaeocene-Eocene boundary in a flysch sequence from the Western Tethys (Slovenia): Terra Nova, v. 12, p. 199-204.

Duineveld, G. C. A., Tselepides, A., Witbaard, R., Bak, R. P. M., Berghuis, E. M., Nieuwland, G., van de Weele, J., and Kok, A., 2000, Benthopelagic coupling in the oligotrophic Cretan Sea: Progress in Oceanography, v. 46, p. 457-480.

Eldholm, E., and Thomas, E., 1993, Environmental impact of volcanic margin formation: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 117, p.  319-329.

Fricke, H. C., Clyde, W. C., O'Neil, J, R., and Gingerich, P. D., 1998, Evidence for rapid climate change in North America during the latest Paleocene thermal maximum: oxygen isotope compositions of biogenic phosphate from the Bighorn Basin (Wyoming): Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 160, p. 193-208.

Gavrilov, Y. O., Kodina, L. A., Lubchenko, I. Y., and Muzylev, N. G., 1997, The late Paleocene anoxic event in epicontinental seas of Peri-Tethys and formation of the sapropelite unit; sedimentology and geochemistry: Lithology and Mineral Resources, v. 32, p. 427-450.

Gibson, T. G., Bybell, L. M. and Owens, J. P., 1993, Latest Paleocene lithologic and biotic events in neritic deposits of southwestern New Jersey: Paleoceanography, v. 8, p. 495-515.

Galeotti, S., Kaminski, M. A., Coccioni, R., and Speijer, R., in press. High resolution deep water agglutinated foraminiferal record across the Paleocene/Eocene transition in the Contessa Road Section (Italy). In: M. B. Hart, M. A. Kaminski and C. Smart, eds., Proceedings of the Sixth International Workshop on Agglutinated Foraminifera,

Gooday, A. J., 2002, Biological response to seasonally varying fluxes of organic matter to the ocean floor: Journal of Oceanography, v. 58, p. 305-332.

Gooday, A. J., and Rathburn, A. E., 1999. Temporal variability in living deep-sea benthic foraminifera: a review: Earth Science Reviews, v. 46, p. 187-212.

Hallock, P., 1987, Fluctuations in the trophic resource continuum: a factor in global diversity cycles?: Paleoceanography, v. 2, p. 457-471.

Hallock, P., Premoli-Silva, I., and Boersma, A., 1991, Similarities between planktonic and larger foraminiferal evolutionary trends through paleoceanographic change: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 83, p. 49-64.

Hedges, J. I., and Keil, R. G., 1995, Sedimentary organic matter preservation: an assessment and speculative synthesis: Marine Chemistry, v. 49, p. 81-115.

Herguera, J. C., and Berger, W. H., 1991, Paleoproductivity from benthic foraminiferal abundance: glacial to postglacial changes in the west equatorial Pacific: Geology, v. 19, p. 1173-1176.

Hayward, B. W., 2002, Late Pliocene to middle Pleistocene extinction of deep-sea benthic foraminifera (Stilostomella extinction) in the Southwest Pacific: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 32, p. 274-307

Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., and Erbacher, J., 2001, Benthic foraminifers from Lower Albian black shales (Site 1049, ODP Leg 171): Evidence for a non-"uniformitarian" record: Journal of Foraminiferal Research, v. 31, p. 60-74.

Jones, R. W., 1993, Preliminary observations on benthonic foraminifera associated with biogenic gas seep in the North Sea: in Jenkins, D. G.,  ed., Applied Micropaleontology (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands), p. 69-91.

Jorissen, F. J., de Stigter, H. C., and Widmark, J. G. V., 1995, A conceptual model explaining benthic  foraminiferal microhabitats: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 26, p. 3-15.

Kaiho, K., Arinobu, T., Ishiwatari, R., Morgans, H. E., Okada, H., Takeda, N., Tazaki, K., Zhou, G., Kajiwara, Y., Matsumoto, R., Hirai, A., Niitsuma, N., and Wada, H., 1996, Latest Paleocene benthic foraminiferal extinction and environmental changes at Tawanui, New Zealand: Paleoceanography, v. 11, p. 447-465.

Kaminski, M. A., Kuhnt, W. A., and Radley, J. D., 1996, Palaeocene-Eocene  deep water agglutinated foraminifera from the Namibian Flysch (Rif, Northern Morocco): their significance for the palaeoceanography of the Gibraltar Gateway: Journal of Micropalaeontology, v. 15, p. 1-19.

Katz, M.E., Pak, D.K., Dickens, G.R., Miller, K.G., 1999, The source and fate of massive carbon input during the latest Paleocene thermal maximum: Science, v. 286, p. 1531-1533.

Katz, M. E., Cramer, B. S., Mountain, G. S., Katz, S., and Miller, K. G., 2001, Uncorking the bottle: what triggered the Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum methane release?: Paleoceanography, v. 16, p. 549-562.

Kelly, D. C., Bralower, T. J., Zachos, J. C., Premoli-Silva, I., and Thomas, E., 1996, Rapid diversification of planktonic foraminifera in the tropical Pacific (ODP Site 865) during the late Paleocene thermal maximum: Geology, v. 24, p. 423-426

Kennett, J. P. and Stott, L. D., 1991, Abrupt deep-sea warming, palaeoceanographic changes and benthic extinctions at the end of the Palaeocene: Nature , v. 353, p. 225-229.

Kent, D. V, Cramer, B. S., Lanci, L., Wang, D., Wright, J. D., and Van Der Voo, R., 2002. Evidence for a Comet Impact Trigger for the Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum and Carbon Isotope Excursion. GSA Annual Meeting, Abstracts, v. 34, p. 401.

Koch, P. L., Zachos, J. C., and Gingerich, P. D., 1992, Coupled Isotopic Changes in Marine and Continental Carbon Reservoirs at the Paleocene-Eocene Boundary: Nature, v. 358, p. 319-322.

Koch, P. L., Zachos, J. C., and Dettman, D. L., 1995, Stable isotope stratigraphy and palaeoclimatology of the Palaeogene Bighorn Basin (Wyoming, USA): Palaeogrography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 115, p. 61-89.

Loubere, P., and Fariduddin, M., 1999, Quantitative estimation of global patterns of surface ocean biological productivity and its seasonal variation on timescales from centuries to millennia: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 13, p. 115-133.

Luterbacher H. P., Hardenbold, J., and Schmitz, B., 2000, Decision of the Voting Members of the International Subcommission on Paleogene Stratigraphy on the Criterion for the Recognition of the Paleocene/Eocene Boundary: Newsletter of the International Subcommission on Paleogene Stratigraphy , v. 9, November 2000, Tübingen, p. 13

Macleod, K. G. and Hoppe, K. A., 1992, Evidence that inoceramid bivalves were benthic and harbored chemosynthetic symbionts: Geology, v. 20, p. 117-120

Murray, J. W., Young, J., Newton, J., Dunne, J., Chapin, T., Paul, B., and McCarthy, J. J., 1996, Export flux of particulate organic carbon from the central equatorial Pacific determined using a combined drifting trap-234Th approach: Deep Sea Research II, v. 43, p. 1095-1132,

Norris R. D, and Röhl, U., 1999, Carbon cycling and chronology of climate warming during the Palaeocene/Eocene transition: Nature, v. 401, p. 775-778.

Ortiz, N., 1995. Differential patterns of benthic foraminiferal extinctions near the Paleocene/Eocene boundary in the North Atlantic and the western Tethys: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 26, p. 341-359.

Pak, D. K. , and Miller, K. G., 1992, Paleocene to Eocene benthic foraminiferal isotopes and assemblages: implications for deep water circulation: Paleoceanography, v. 7, p. 405-422.

Paytan, A., Kastner, M., Campbell, D., and Thiemens, M.H., 1998, Sulfur isotope composition of Cenozoic sea water sulfate: Science, v. 282, p. 1459-1462.

Rathburn, A. E., Levin, L. A., Held, Z., and Lohmann, K. C., 2000, Benthic foraminifera associated with cold methane seeps on the northern California margin: ecology and stable isotope composition: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 38, p. 247-266.

Röhl, U., Bralower, T. J., Norris, R. D., and Wefer, G., 2000, A new chronology for the late Paleocene thermal maximum and its environmental implications: Geology, v. 28, p.  927-930.

Sanders, H.L. 1968. Marine benthic diversity: a comparative study: American Naturalist,  v. 102, p. 243-282.

Schmitz, B., Charisi, S. D., Thompson, E. I., and Speijer, R. P., 1997, Barium, SiO2 (excess) and P2O5 as proxies of biological productivity in the Middle East during the Palaeocene and the latest Palaeocene benthic extinction event: Terra Nova, v. 9, p. 95-99.

Sen Gupta, B. K., and Aharon, P., 1994, Benthic foraminifera of bathyal hydrocarbon vents of the Gulf of Mexico: initial report on communities and stable isotopes: Geo-Marine Letters, v. 14, p. 88-96.

Sen Gupta, B. K., and Machain-Castillo, M. L., 1993, Benthic foraminifera in oxygen-poor habitats: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 20, p. 183-201

Smart, C. W., King, S. C., Gooday, A. J., Murray, J. W., and Thomas, E., 1994, A benthic foraminiferal proxy of pulsed organic matter paleofluxes: Marine Micropaleontology, v. 23, p. 89-99.

Speijer, R.P., and Morsi, A.M., 2002, Ostracode turnover and sea-level changes associated with the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum: Geology, v. 30, p. 23-26.

Speijer, R. P., Schmitz, B., and van der Zwaan, G. J., 1997, Benthic foraminiferal repopulation in response to latest Paleocene Tethyan anoxia: Geology, v. 25, p. 683-686.

Speijer, R. P., and Schmitz, B., 1998, A benthic foraminiferal record of Paleocene sea level and trophic/redox conditions at Gebel Aweina, Egypt: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, v. 137, p. 79-101.

Speijer, R. P. and Wagner, T., 2002, Sea-level changes and black shales associated with the late Paleocene thermal maximum (LPTM): organic geochemical and micropaleontologic evidence from the southern Tethyam margin (Egypt-Israel): in Koeberl, C., and MacLeod, K., eds., Geological Society of America Special Paper, v. 356, 533-550

Stott, L. D., Sinha, A., Thiry, M., Aubry, M.-P. , and Berggren, W. A., 1996, Global 13C changes across the Paleocene/Eocene boundary: Criteria for terrestrial-marine correlations: Geological Society London Special Publications, v.  101, p. 381-399.

Stupin, S.I. and Muzylöv, N.G., 2001, The late Paleocene Ecologic crisis in epicontinental basins of the Eastern Peri-Tethys: Microbiota and accumulation conditions of sapropelitic bed: Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, v. 9, no. 5, p. 501-507.

Thiel, H., Pfannkuche, O., Theeg, R., and Schriever, G., 1987, Benthic metabolism and standing stock in the Central and Northern Red Sea: Marine Ecology, v. 8, p. 1-20.

Thomas, D. J., Bralower, T. J., and Zachos, J. C., 1999, New evidence for subtropical warming during the late Paleocene thermal maximum: stable isotopes from Deep Sea Drilling Project 527, Walvis Ridge: Paleoceanography, v. 14, p. 561-570.

Thomas, D. J., Zachos, J. C., Bralower, T. J., Thomas, E., and Bohaty, S., 2002. Warming the Fuel for the Fire: Evidence for the thermal dissociation of methane hydrate during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. Geology, v. 30, p. 1067-1070.

Thomas, E., 1985, Late Eocene to Recent deep-sea benthic foraminifers from the central equatorial Pacific Ocean. In: Mayer, L., and Theyer, F., et al.,  Initial Reports  of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, v.  85: Washington (U.S. Government Printing Office), p. 655-679.

Thomas, E., 1990, Late Cretaceous through Neogene deep-sea benthic foraminifers (Maud Rise, Weddell Sea, Antarctica). In: Barker, P. F., Kennett, J. P., et al., Proceedings Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, v. 113: College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), p. 571-594

Thomas, E., 1992, Cenozoic deep-sea circulation: evidence from deep-sea benthic foraminifera: AGU Antarctic Research Series, v. 56, p. 141-165

Thomas, E., 1998, The biogeography of the late Paleocene benthic foraminiferal extinction, in Aubry, M.P, S. Lucas, S. G. and Berggren, W. A. eds., Late Paleocene-early Eocene Biotic and Climatic Events in the Marine and Terrestrial Records, Columbia University Press, New York, NY, USA, p. 214-243

Thomas, E., and Roehl, U., 2002. The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum in Ceara Rise Hole 929E, ODP Leg 154. GSA Annual Meeting, Abstracts, 34 (6): 462

Thomas, E., and Shackleton, N. J., 1996, The Palaeocene-Eocene benthic foraminiferal extinction and stable isotope anomalies: Geological Society London Special Publications, v. 101, p. 401-441

Thomas, E., and Zachos, J. C., 2000. Was the late Paleocene thermal maximum a unique event? GFF, v. 122, p. 169-170.

Thomas, E., Zachos, J. C., and Bralower, T. J., 2000, Deep-Sea Environments on a Warm Earth: latest Paleocene - early Eocene: in Huber, B., MacLeod, K., and Wing, S.,  eds., Warm Climates in Earth History, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, p. 132-160.

Thompson, J., Cook. G. T., Anderson, R., MacKenzie, A. B., Harkness, D. D.,  and McCave, I. N., 1995, Radiocarbon age offsets in different-sized carbonate components of deep-sea sediments: Radiocarbon, v. 37, p. 91-101.

Valentine, J. W., 1973, Evolutionary paleoecology of the marine biosphere: Prentice-Hall, Inglewood Cliffs, NJ, 511 p.

Van der Zwaan, G. J., Duijnstee, I. A. P., den Dulk, M., Ernst, S. R., Jannink, N. T., and Kouwenhoven, T. J., 1999, Benthic foraminifers: proxies or problems? A review of paleoecological concepts: Earth-Science Reviews, v. 46, p. 213-236.

White, M. P., 1928, Some index foraminifera of the Tampico Embayment area of Mexico. Part II. Journal of Paleontology, v. 2, p.280-317.

Widmark, J. G. V. and  Speijer, R. P., 1997, Benthic foraminiferal faunas and trophic regimes at the terminal Cretaceous Tethyan seafloor: Palaios, v. 12:, p. 354-371

Zachos, J., Pagani, M., Sloan, L., Thomas, E., and Billups, K., 2001, Trends, Rhythms, and Aberrations in Global Climate Change 65 Ma to Present: Science, v. 292, p. 686-693.

 return to paper