LITERATURE CITED

• ALLER, R. C., 1982. Carbonate dissolution in nearshore terrigenous muds: The role of physical and biological reworking. Journal of Geology, 90: 79-95
• ALLER, R. C., and ALLER, J. Y., 1998. The effect of biogenic irrigation intensity and solute exchange on diagenetic reaction rates in marine sediments. Journal of Marine Research, 56, 905-936.
• ALVE, E., 1995. Benthic foraminiferal responses to estuarine pollution: An overview. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 25, 190-203.
• ALVE, E., 1996. Benthic foraminiferal evidence of environmental change in the Skagerrak over the past six decades. Norske Geologiske Undersoknung, Bulletin, 430, 85-93.
• ALVE, E. and OLSGARD, F., 1999. Benthic foraminiferal colonization in experiments with copper-contaminated sediments. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 29, 186-195.
• ALVE, E., and MURRAY, J. W., 1995. Benthic foraminiferal distribution and abundance changes in Skagerrak surface sediments: 1937 (Höglund) and 1992/1993 data compared. Marine Micropaleontology, 25, 269-288.
• ANDERSON, T. F. and ARTHUR, M. A., 1983. Stable isotopes of oxygen and carbon and their application to sedimentologic and paleoenvironmental problems. In: M. A. Arthur; T. F. Anderson; I. R. Kaplan; J. Veizer, and L. S. Land, (eds.), Stable isotopes in Sedimentary Geology, SEPM Short Course 10, pp. 1-1-1 through 1-1-151.
• BENOIT, G.; ROZAN, T. F.; PATTON, P. C., and ARNOLD, C. L., 1999. Trace metals and radionuclides reveal sediment sources and accumulation rates in Jordan Cove, Connecticut. Estuaries, 22, 65-80.
• BERNHARD, J. M., 1996. Microaerophilic and facultative anaerobic benthic foraminifera: A review of experimental and ultrastructural evidence. Revue de Paléobiologie, 15, 261-275.
• BERNHARD, J. M. and BOWSER, S. S., 1999. Benthic foraminifera of dysoxic sediments: Chloroplast sequestration and functional morphology. Earth Science Reviews, 46, 149-165.
• BOKUNIEWICZ, H. J. and GORDON, R. B., 1980. Sediment transport and deposition in Long Island Sound. Advances in Geophysics, 22, 69-106
• BUCHHOLZ TEN BRINK, M. R.; MECRAY, E. L. and GALVIN, E. L., this volume. Clostridium perfringens in Long Island Sound Sediments: An urban sedimentary record. Thematic Section, Journal of Coastal Research.
• BUZAS, M. A., 1965, The distribution and abundance of Foraminifera in Long Island Sound. Smithsonian Institution Miscellaneous Collection, 149 (1), 1-88.
• BUZAS, M. A., 1966. The discrimination of morphological groups of Elphidium (foraminifer) in Long Island Sound through canonical analysis and invariant characters. Journal of Paleontology, 40, 585-594.
• BUZAS, M. A.; CULVER, S. J. and ISHAM, L. B., 1985. A comparison of fourteen Elphidiidid (Foraminiferida) taxa. Journal of Paleontology, 59, 1075-1090.
• CATO, I.; OLSSOM, I. and ROSENBERG, R., 1980. Recovery and decontamination of estuaries. In: E. Olausson and I. Cato, I. (eds.), Chemistry and Biogeochemistry of Estuaries. (London, Wiley), pp. 403-440.
• CEDHAGEN, T., 1991. Retention of chloroplasts and bathymetric distribution in the sublittoral foraminiferan Nonionellina labradorica. Ophelia, 33, 17-30.
• CONNECTICUT DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, 1977, Long Island Sound: An Atlas of Natural Resources. Hartford, Connecticut: Connecticut department of Environmental Protection.
• COOPER, S., 1999a. A journey through time: Paleoecology of estuaries. Geotimes, 44, 14-18.
• COOPER, S., 1999b. Estuarine paleoenvironmental reconstructions using diatoms. In: E. F. Stoermer and J. P. Smol, (eds.), The Diatoms: Applications for the Environmental and Earth Sciences, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK), 352-373.
• COOPER, S., and BRUSH, G. S., 1991. Long-term history of Chesapeake Bay anoxia. Science, 254, 992-254.
• COOPER, S. and BRUSH, G. S., 1993. A 2,500-year history of anoxia and eutrophication in Chesapeake Bay. Estuaries, 38, 617-626.
• CRONIN, T.; WILLARD, D.; KARLSEN, A.; ISHMAN, S.; VERARDO, S.; MCGEEHIN, J.; KERHIN, R.; HOLMES, C.; COLMAN, S. and ZIMMERMAN, A., 2000. Climatic variability in the eastern United States over the past millennium from Chesapeake Bay sediments, Geology, 28, 3-6.
• CULVER, S. J. and BUZAS, M., 1995. The effects of anthropogenic habitat disturbance, habitat destruction, and global warming on shallow marine benthic foraminifera. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 25, 204-211.
• EPA, 1994. The Long Island Sound Study: Summary of the comprehensive conservation and management plan. EPA Publication 842-S-94-001, 62 p.
• GESLIN, E.; DEBENEY, J.-P. and LESOURD, M., 1998. Abnormal wall textures and test deformation in Ammonia beccarii (hyaline foraminifer). Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 28, 148-156.
• GORDON, R. B., 1980. The sedimentary system of Long Island Sound. Advances in Geophysics, 22, 1-39
• GREEN, M. A.; ALLER, R. C. and ALLER, J. Y., 1992. Experimental evaluation of the influences of biogenic reworking on carbonate preservation in nearshore sediments. Marine Geology, 107, 175-181
• GREEN, M. A.; ALLER, R. C. and ALLER, J. Y., 1993. Carbonate dissolution and temporal abundances of foraminifera in Long Island Sound sediments. Limnology and Oceanography, 38, 331-345.
• GREEN, M. A.; ALLER, R. C. and ALLER, J. Y., 1998. Influence of carbonate dissolution on survival of shell-bearing meiobenthos in nearshore sediments. Limnology and Oceanography 43, 18-28.
• KNEBEL. H. and POPPE, L. J., this volume. Sea-floor environments within Long Island Sound: A regional overview. Thematic Section. Journal of Coastal Research,
• KNEBEL, H.; SIGNELL, R. P.; RENDIGS, R. R.; POPPE, L. J. and LIST, J. H., 1999. Seafloor environments in the Long Island Sound estuarine system. Marine Geology, 155, 277-318.
• KOPPELMAN, L. E.; WEYL, P. K.; GRANT GROSS, M. and DAVIES, D. S., 1976. The Urban Sea: Long Island Sound. New York: Praeger Publishers, 223 p..
• KROM, M. D. and BENNETT, J. T., 1985. Sources, deposition rates and decomposition of organic carbon in recent sediment of Sachem Head Harbor, Long Island Sound. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 21, 325-336.
• LANGER, M.; HÖTTINGER, L. and HUBER, B., 1989. Functional morphology in low-diverse benthic foraminiferal assemblages from tidal flats of the North Sea. Senckenbergiana Maritima, 20, 81-99.
• LOPEZ, E., 1979. Algal chloroplasts in the protoplasm of three species of benthic foraminifera: taxonomic affinity, viability, and persistence. Marine Biology, 53, 201-211.
• MECRAY, E.L. and BUCHHOLTZ TEN BRINK, M.R., this volume, Contaminant distribution and accumulation in the surface sediments of Long Island Sound. Thematic Section. Journal of Coastal Research,
• MILLER, A. A. L.; SCOTT, D. B. and MEDIOLI, F. S., 1982. Elphidium excavatum (Terquem): Ecophenotypic versus subspecific variation. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 12, 116-144.
• MOODLEY, L., 1990. Southern North Sea seafloor and subsurface distribution of living benthic foraminifera. Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 27, 57-71.
• MOODLEY, L. and HESS, C., 1992. Tolerance of infaunal benthic foraminifera for low and high oxygen concentrations. Biological Bulletin, 183, 94-98.
• MURRAY, J. W., 1976. Comparative studies of living and dead benthic foraminiferal distributions. In: R. H. Hedley and C. G. Adams, (eds.), Foraminifera, Volume 2, New York, Academic Press, pp. 45-109.
• MURRAY, J. W., 1991. Ecology and Paleoecology of Benthic Foraminifera, Harlow, Essex, UK : Longman Scientific and Technical Publishers, 451 p.
• NEW YORK STATE DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION and CONNECTICUT DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, 1999. A Total Maximum Daily Load Analysis to Achieve Water Quality Standards for Dissolved Oxygen in Long Island Sound, Draft Prepared for Public Comment, http://dep.state.ct.us/wtr/lis/tmdl.htm; 49 p.
• NIXON, S. W., 1997. Prehistoric nutrient inputs and productivity in Narragansett Bay. Estuaries, 20, 253-261.
• NORDBERG, K.; FILIPSSON, H. F. and MALMGREN, B., 1999. Oceanographic conditions in the deepest parts of the Kattegat, Scandinavia, revealed through Recent benthic foraminifera and hydrography. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 49, 557-576.
• PALMER, M. R. and EDMOND, J. M., 1989. The strontium isotope budget of the modern ocean. Earth Planetary Science Letters, 92, 11-26.
• PALMER, M. R. and EDMOND, J. M., 1992. Controls over the strontium isotope composition of river water. Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta, 56, 2099-2111.
• PARKER, F. L., 1952. Foraminiferal distribution in the Long Island Sound - Buzzards Bay area. Bulletin Museum Comparative Zoology, Harvard College, 106 (10), 428-473.
• PARKER, C. A. and O'REILLY, J. E., 1991. Oxygen depletion in Long Island Sound: a historical perspective. Estuaries, 14, 248-264.
• POPPE, L. J. and POLLONI, C. (eds.), 1998. Long Island Sound Environmental Studies. U. S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 98-502, CD-ROM.
• RILEY, G. A., 1956. Oceanography of Long Island Sound, 1952-1954. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collections, 15, 15-46
• RILEY, G. A., 1959. Oceanography of Long Island Sound, 1954-1955. Bulletin of the Bingham Oceanographic Collections, 17, 9-29.
• ROBERTSON, A.; GOTTHOLM, B. W.; TURGEON, D. D. and WOLFE, D., 1991. A comparative study of contaminant levels in Long Island Sound. Estuaries, 14, 290-298.
• ROZANSKI, K.; ARAGUÁS-ARAGUÁS, L., and GONFIANTINI, R., 1993. Isotopic patterns in modern global precipitation. Geophysical Monographs, 78, 1-36.
• SCHUBEL, J. R.; WISE, W. M. and SCHOOF, J., eds., 1979. Questions About Dredging and Dredged Material Disposal in Long Island Sound. Stony Brook, NY: State University of New York, Marine Sciences Research Center, 87-96.
• SCOTT, D. B.; SCHAFER, C. T.; HONIG, C. and YOUNGER, D. C., 1995. Temporal variations of benthic foraminiferal assemblages under or near aquaculture operations: documentation of impact history. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 25, 224-235
• SHUPACK, B., 1934. Some foraminifera from western Long Island and New York Harbor. American Museum Novitates, 737, 12 pp.
• SUN, M.-Y.; ALLER, R. C. and LEE, C., 1994. Spatial and temporary distributions of sedimentary chloropigments as indicators of benthic processes in Long Island Sound. Journal of Marine Research, 52, 149-176.
• TORGERSON, T.; DEANGELO, E., and O'DONNELL, J., 1997. Calculations of horizontal mixing rates using 222Rn and the controls of hypoxia in western Long Island Sound, 1991. Estuaries, 20, 328-345.
• TUREKIAN, K. K.; COCHRAN, J. K.; BENNINGER, L. K. and ALLER, R. C., 1980. The sources and sinks of nuclides in Long Island Sound. Advances in Geophysics, 22, 129-164.
• TURGEON, D. D. and O'CONNOR, T. P., 1991. Long Island Sound: Distribution, trends and effects of chemical contamination. Estuaries, 14, 279-289.
• YANKO, V.; AHMAD, M. and KAMINKSI, M., 1998. Morphological deformities of benthic foraminiferal tests in response to pollution by heavy metals: implications for pollution monitoring. Journal of Foraminiferal Research, 28, 177-200.
• VAREKAMP, J. C.; BUCHHOLTZ TEN BRINK, M.R. and MECRAY, E.L., this volume. Mercury in Long Island Sound sediments. Thematic Section. Journal of Coastal Research,
• WALTON, W. R., 1952. Techniques for the recognition of living Foraminifera. Contributions Cushman Foundation Foraminiferal Research, 3, 56-60.
• WEIGOLD, M. E., 1974. The American Mediterranean: An Environmental, Economic and Social History of Long Island Sound. Port Washington, New York: Kennikat Press, 426 p.
• WELSH, B. L. and ELLER, F. C., 1991. Mechanisms controlling summertime oxygen depletion in western Long Island Sound. Estuaries, 3, 265-268.
• WILLIAMS, G.; MARCANTONIO, F. and TUREKIAN, K. K., 1997. The behavior of anthropogenic Osmium in Long Island Sound, an urban estuary in the eastern US. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 148, 341-347.
• WOLFE, D. A.; MONAHAN, R.; STACEY, P. E.; FARROW, D. R. G. and ROBERTSON, A., 1991. Environmental quality of Long Island Sound: Assessment and management issues. Estuaries, 14, 224-236.